Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Cancer cells can metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, especially bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer can cause pain, difficulty in urination, problems during intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms potentially develop in later stages of the disease.
Detection rate of prostate cancer varies greatly around the world. In South and East Asia were detected more frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States. Tend to develop prostate cancer in men over the age of fifty. Although this is one of the most common cancers in men, many do not even feel the symptoms, undergo no therapy, and eventually died of other causes. This is because prostate cancer, in many cases, slow growth. Many factors, including genetics and diet, have been involved in the development of prostate cancer. The presence of prostate cancer can be indicated by symptoms, physical examination, prostate specific antigen (PSA), or biopsy. Suspicion of prostate cancer is usually confirmed by taking a biopsy of the prostate and examined under a microscope. Further examination, such as CT scan and bone scan, can be done to determine whether prostate cancer has spread or not.
Treatment options for prostate cancer with the intent to heal, primarily with surgery and radiation therapy. Other treatments such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, proton therapy, cryosurgery, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) also exist, depending on clinical scenario and desired results.
Basis of age and health of human, the results of the examination under a microscope, and response to initial treatment of cancer important in determining the outcome of the disease. The decision whether or not to treat localized prostate cancer (tumor present in the prostate) with curative purposes depending on the consideration of anticipated benefits and harmful effects in survival and quality of life of patients.
There is also some relationship between prostate cancer and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. The use of daily anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may decrease prostate cancer risk. Use of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins can also reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer. In particular, sexually transmitted infections, chlamydial infections, gonorrhea, or syphilis seems to be at increased risk. Finally, obesity and elevated levels of testosterone may increase prostate cancer risk.
The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2009) found Xenotropic MuLV-virus or XMRV in 23 percent of human prostate tumors. However, more recent large study from Germany failed to find XMRV specific sequences in DNA or RNA from samples from 589 prostate cancer patients, and no samples contained XMRV-specific antibodies.
Prostate cancer is classified as an adenocarcinoma, or glandular cancer, that begins when normal prostate gland cells mutate into cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland areas where the most common is the peripheral zone. Initially, small clumps of cancer cells is still limited to the prostate gland, a condition known as carcinoma in situ or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Although there is no proof that PIN is a precursor of cancer, but remained closely linked with cancer. Over time, these cancer cells begin to reproduce and spread into the surrounding prostate tissue (stroma) forming tumors. Finally, tumors may grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the seminal vesicles or the rectum, or tumor cells can develop the ability to travel in the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Prostate cancer is considered a malignant tumor because it is a mass of cells that can attack other parts of the body. Invasion of other organs is called metastasis. The most common prostate cancer that is metastasized to bone, lymph nodes, rectum, and bladder.
Evidence from epidemiological studies support the protective role that allows to reduce prostate cancer are dietary selenium, vitamin E, lycopene, and soy. High plasma levels of vitamin D may also have a protective effect. Estrogens from fermented soybeans and other plant sources (called phytoestrogens) may also help prevent prostate cancer.
Detection rate of prostate cancer varies greatly around the world. In South and East Asia were detected more frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States. Tend to develop prostate cancer in men over the age of fifty. Although this is one of the most common cancers in men, many do not even feel the symptoms, undergo no therapy, and eventually died of other causes. This is because prostate cancer, in many cases, slow growth. Many factors, including genetics and diet, have been involved in the development of prostate cancer. The presence of prostate cancer can be indicated by symptoms, physical examination, prostate specific antigen (PSA), or biopsy. Suspicion of prostate cancer is usually confirmed by taking a biopsy of the prostate and examined under a microscope. Further examination, such as CT scan and bone scan, can be done to determine whether prostate cancer has spread or not.
Treatment options for prostate cancer with the intent to heal, primarily with surgery and radiation therapy. Other treatments such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, proton therapy, cryosurgery, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) also exist, depending on clinical scenario and desired results.
Basis of age and health of human, the results of the examination under a microscope, and response to initial treatment of cancer important in determining the outcome of the disease. The decision whether or not to treat localized prostate cancer (tumor present in the prostate) with curative purposes depending on the consideration of anticipated benefits and harmful effects in survival and quality of life of patients.
There is also some relationship between prostate cancer and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. The use of daily anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may decrease prostate cancer risk. Use of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins can also reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Infection or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) may increase the chance for prostate cancer. In particular, sexually transmitted infections, chlamydial infections, gonorrhea, or syphilis seems to be at increased risk. Finally, obesity and elevated levels of testosterone may increase prostate cancer risk.
The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2009) found Xenotropic MuLV-virus or XMRV in 23 percent of human prostate tumors. However, more recent large study from Germany failed to find XMRV specific sequences in DNA or RNA from samples from 589 prostate cancer patients, and no samples contained XMRV-specific antibodies.
Prostate cancer is classified as an adenocarcinoma, or glandular cancer, that begins when normal prostate gland cells mutate into cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland areas where the most common is the peripheral zone. Initially, small clumps of cancer cells is still limited to the prostate gland, a condition known as carcinoma in situ or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Although there is no proof that PIN is a precursor of cancer, but remained closely linked with cancer. Over time, these cancer cells begin to reproduce and spread into the surrounding prostate tissue (stroma) forming tumors. Finally, tumors may grow large enough to invade nearby organs such as the seminal vesicles or the rectum, or tumor cells can develop the ability to travel in the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Prostate cancer is considered a malignant tumor because it is a mass of cells that can attack other parts of the body. Invasion of other organs is called metastasis. The most common prostate cancer that is metastasized to bone, lymph nodes, rectum, and bladder.
Evidence from epidemiological studies support the protective role that allows to reduce prostate cancer are dietary selenium, vitamin E, lycopene, and soy. High plasma levels of vitamin D may also have a protective effect. Estrogens from fermented soybeans and other plant sources (called phytoestrogens) may also help prevent prostate cancer.
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